Pawpeds | User Guide | Breed & Colour Send in Pedigrees | Search & Info | Test Mating
| Galadriel de Noldor, F, NFO f 09 24, 4/1/16, ES/- | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Printer Friendly | Generations:
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 | Inbreeding = 0.742%
| Test mate
Inbreeding calculated based on 254 ancestors (219 unique) of 254 possible, 7 complete generations out of 7
| ||||||
|
Sire IC Jack'Ouille de la Folidoki, NFO n 09 24, 5/5/14, FR/FR  |
NW SC Just Catnap's Sander, DVM, DSM, NFO n 09 22, 1/30/09, SE/ES  |
GIC Dorian av Tyssedal, DM, NFO n 09 22, 5/6/04, DE/SE |
IC ZACS Magnum, NFO n 09 23, 3/10/02, DK/DE |
CH Tauron's Rudolf Rotnase, NFO d 09, 10/16/94, SE/DK |
Glitterfjordens Juno Satyrus, NFO n 09, 6/15/93, SE/- |
GIC Huldrekatten's Satyr, NFO d, 3/9/90, NO/SE |
|
Glitterfjordens Z Ypsilon, NFO ns 09 22, 8/19/89, SE/- |
||||||
|
Asynjas Bejla, NFO f 09, 10/14/93, SE/- |
EC Freddy av Myre, DM, NFO d 09 23, 5/31/87, NO/SE |
|||||
|
Asynjas Freja, NFO a 23, 4/9/87, SE/SE |
||||||
|
EC Fabis Amiga, NFO fs 23, 3/6/00, DK/DK |
EC Silverwood's Big Brown Bastian, DM, NFO n 23, 5/20/95, DK/DK |
EC Fjeldkatten's Jedidiah, NFO d 09 23, 3/13/94, DK/DK |
||||
|
IC Leonides Jakobine, DM, NFO n 09, 5/27/93, DK/DK |
||||||
|
Hagsten's Emma, DM, NFO gs 23, 7/1/95, DK/DK |
IC Zygot's Grym, NFO n, 2/20/93, SE/DK |
|||||
|
GIC Torghattens Rose-Marie, NFO ds 23, 3/26/90, DK/DK |
||||||
|
IC Aranja av Tyssedal, NFO n, 10/12/02, DE/DE |
Elkington's Kingo, NFO n 09 22, 3/21/01, DK/DK |
CH Gismo 00-21, NFO n, 3/21/00, DK/DK |
IC Hyrkas Balthazar, NFO n 23, 10/30/97, DK/SE |
|||
|
Landgreen's Yvonne, NFO n, 11/11/98, DK/DK |
||||||
|
Laksjøen's Synne, NFO n 09 22, 6/30/95, NO/DK |
IC Beier's Brage, NFO n 23, 3/4/94, NO/NO |
|||||
|
Laksjøen's Ulva, NFO n 09 23, 3/25/94, NO/DK |
||||||
|
Maxime von Tim-Est, NFO n 22, 5/23/01, DE/- |
EC Morten Olsen Haarfagri, NFO n, 4/2/98, NL/NL |
CH Guttermand Felis Jubatus, NFO n, 5/13/94, DK/NL |
||||
|
IC Luk'ka Samer Haarfagri, NFO g, 4/25/95, NL/NL |
||||||
|
GIC Felidae von Tim-Est, NFO n 09 23, 7/18/97, DE/- |
EC Bergansius Magusan, NFO n 09 23, 6/24/94, NL/DE |
|||||
|
IC Diana von Tim-Est, NFO n 09, 6/24/96 |
||||||
|
IC Just Catnap's Nanna Noon, DM, NFO ns 09 24, 1/24/03, SE/SE |
GIP Just Catnap's Gilson, NFO ns 09 22, 11/10/01, SE/SE |
GIP EC Rockringen's Led Zeppelin, DM, NFO ds 09 22, 7/10/99, SE/SE |
IP EC Tilia Nova's Domingo, DM, NFO ns 09 23, 3/10/94, DK/DK |
Ratchasima's Red Devil, NFO ds 09 11, 6/4/88, DK/DK |
||
|
IC Kianda's Special Patchwork, NFO f 09 23, 6/29/90, DK/DK |
||||||
|
GIC Rockringen's Cajsa-Stina, DM, NFO d 09 22, 11/25/95, SE/SE |
CH Tauron's Rudolf Rotnase, NFO d 09, 10/16/94, SE/DK |
|||||
|
PR IC Sassa, DM, NFO d 22, 4/28/93, SE/SE |
||||||
|
CH Just Catnap's Bast, DM, NFO n 09 24, 11/9/99, SE/SE |
EC Aron, NFO n 24, 10/15/98, SE/SE |
PR GIC Tassajara's Paladin, NFO n 23, 1/1/97, SE/SE |
||||
|
Glitterfjordens Canistra, NFO ns 09, 5/11/97, SE/SE |
||||||
|
Nordsjöhedens Alicia, NFO n 09 23, 3/16/98, SE/SE |
EC Pan's Tarjei, NFO n 09 23, 7/8/96, NO/SE |
|||||
|
Pan's Tjetta, NFO n 09 23, 10/29/96, NO/SE |
||||||
|
Stella av Borgund, NFO fs 03 24, 4/16/01, NO/SE |
CH Jaktvika's De Lillo, NFO ns 09, 7/18/95, NO/NO |
GIC Pett av Sakko, NFO ns 09, 10/26/92, NO/NO |
Mirk av Calif, NFO ns 23, NO/NO |
|||
|
Grøtet's Zita, NFO n 09 22, NO/NO |
||||||
|
IC Jaktvika's Mirabella, NFO n 09, 11/18/92, NO/NO |
EC Morky's Sir John, NFO ns 09, 5/26/90, SE/SE |
|||||
|
IC Jaktvika's Medea, NFO n, 4/8/90, NO/NO |
||||||
|
Mia av Timaras, NFO f 09 22, 5/7/99, NO/NO |
Alexey M.E. av Hulder, NFO n 09 24, 11/6/97, NO/NO |
CH Tigressan's Elliot, NFO n 09 23, 3/11/96, SE/NO |
||||
|
EC Mafalda av Hulder, NFO n 09, 3/17/88, NO/NO |
||||||
|
Bianca av Timaras, NFO g 09, 6/6/97, NO/NO |
CH Sloratoppen's Mattis, NFO e, 11/27/93, NO/NO |
|||||
|
CH Skrivestua's Bjørk, NFO ns 09 23, 7/16/95, NO/NO |
||||||
|
GIC Everteam de la Folidoki, NFO n 09 23, 6/19/09, FR/FR |
EC Solskinn du Domaine d'Asgard, NFO ns 24, 7/10/01, FR/FR |
GIC Pirate de Laïloken, NFO n 09 23, 5/30/99, FR/FR |
WW'96 EC Magnus av Fager, NFO n 09 23, 11/22/95, DE/FR |
EC Karl Johan Felis Jubatus, NFO a 22, 8/28/92, DK/- |
WW'91 EC Flatland's Bjørnstierne, DM, NFO n 22, 3/27/89, NO/DK |
|
|
EC Flatland's Avedine, DM, NFO w 61, 8/17/85, NO/DK |
||||||
|
GIC Moa's Rh. Bouquet De Flore, NFO fs 09 23, 10/16/94, SE/DE |
PR & EC Fjällforsens Dirigent, NFO ds 09 23, 12/3/91, SE/- |
|||||
|
EC Mar'Michel's Mecatti Orchida, DM, NFO f 09 23, 10/21/93, SE/SE |
||||||
|
EP EC Nachka du Royaume D'Angmar, DSM, NFO f 09 23, 7/17/97, FR/FR |
IC Skyfrit Felis Jubatus, NFO a 23, 4/9/93, DK/- |
WW'91 EC Flatland's Bjørnstierne, DM, NFO n 22, 3/27/89, NO/DK |
||||
|
EC Flatland's Avedine, DM, NFO w 61, 8/17/85, NO/DK |
||||||
|
CH H'Opale Ecaille de la Pendjari, NFO f 09 23, BE/FR |
IC Fendi's Charli, NFO es, 1/18/90 |
|||||
|
EC Anitra de la Pendjari, NFO n 09 23, BE/BE |
||||||
|
Pernille de la Cachouteba, NFO ns 22, 8/29/99, FR/- |
EC Oddbjorn de la Cachouteba, NFO ns 09 23, 8/13/98, FR/FR |
EC Black Islands Zappa, NFO ns 22, 3/1/96, SE/FR |
EC Heaven Hills Big Bang, DM, NFO n 09 23, 10/10/93, SE/SE |
|||
|
EP & EC Black Islands Ursula, DM, NFO ns 09 23, 6/3/92, SE/SE |
||||||
|
EC Steigar Luna, NFO n 09, 5/16/95, NO/FR |
EC Felix, NFO n 09, 2/21/86, NO/NO |
|||||
|
IC Mar'Michel's Midoori Mahjong, NFO f 09, 4/23/92, SE/NO |
||||||
|
GIC Lorelei de la Cachouteba, NFO fs 09, 6/10/95, FR/FR |
EC Jeremias de la Cachouteba, NFO es 03 23, 8/2/94, FR/FR |
IC Skyfrit Felis Jubatus, NFO a 23, 4/9/93, DK/- |
||||
|
GIC Torvmyra's Roseanne, NFO fs 09 23, NO/- |
||||||
|
EC Gitane de la Cachouteba, NFO f 09, 8/21/91 |
EC Fjord Fenomen de la Pendjari, DM, NFO n 03 23, 6/22/88, BE/FR |
|||||
|
IC Fendi's Tinita, NFO d 09 |
||||||
|
Safira de Bosquearagon, NFO a 03 23, 10/24/07, ES/ES |
CH Absolut a Beetlejuice, NFO n 09 23, 6/2/04 |
Tantus Hernando Cortes, NFO a 09 23, 5/29/03, DK/- |
IC Fabis True Tyson, NFO a 09 22, 5/11/01, DK/DK |
CH Tauron's Rudolf Rotnase, NFO d 09, 10/16/94, SE/DK |
||
|
Fabis Balalaika, NFO f 09 23, 5/1/96, DK/DE |
||||||
|
IC Europa's Nipse Nål, NFO n 23, 3/11/02, DK/DE |
EC Navngivet af Felis Jubatus, NFO a 23, 7/18/93, DK/DK |
|||||
|
IC Europa's Næste Nummer, NFO n 22, 9/7/96, DK/DE |
||||||
|
Måneskinn's Naima, NFO n 09 23, 9/3/00, DE/- |
EC Måne Ve Gimle, NFO n 09, 3/12/99, DK/DE |
Destiny's Boozter, NFO n 09, 2/21/98, SE/DK |
||||
|
Frigg Ve Gimle, NFO n 09 23, 7/16/96, DK/- |
||||||
|
EC Regine Olsen Felis Jubatus, DM, NFO n 09 23, 6/9/97, DK/DE |
EP EC Gustav Vasa Felis Jubatus, DM, NFO a 09, 7/26/95, DK/DK |
|||||
|
EC Bergansius Nehalennia, DM, NFO w 63, 6/24/94, NL/DK |
||||||
|
Shira de Tsavo, NFO n 09, 12/28/05 |
EC Admiral v. Schneider Felis Jubatus, NFO n 09, 1/1/01, DK/ES |
WW'99 EC Remis Felis Jubatus, DM, NFO n, 9/20/97, DK/DK |
EP EC Gustav Vasa Felis Jubatus, DM, NFO a 09, 7/26/95, DK/DK |
|||
|
EC Bergansius Nehalennia, DM, NFO w 63, 6/24/94, NL/DK |
||||||
|
CH Karen Augusta Felis Jubatus, DM, NFO f 09, 2/25/94, DK/DK |
EC Gustav Wied Felis Jubatus, DM, NFO w 63, 9/13/86, DK/DK |
|||||
|
IC Vildkatten's Aurora, DM, NFO f 09 23, 1/5/88, SE/DK |
||||||
|
SC Forest Spirit Katty, NFO n, 7/14/03, PT/ES |
Orion, NFO n 22 |
Whisper, NFO d 22 |
||||
|
CH Stella Della Sera Felis Jubatus, NFO n, 5/11/01, DK/PT |
||||||
|
Luna da Vinci, NFO n 23 |
First Black de Garfield, NFO n 23 |
|||||
|
Faradiba de Bagdad, NFO a 09 23 |
||||||
|
Dam SC Safari Kittens Sunshine, DVM, NFO f 09 24, 7/3/11, SE/ES |
IC Kiss-Curl's Örjan, NFO n 09 23, 2/12/08, SE/SE |
EC Tigressan's Tharlie, NFO n 09 24, 2/21/99, SE/SE |
Tigressan's Oscario, NFO n 24, 3/15/98, SE/SE |
EP EC Rockringen's Johnny Rotten, NFO d 22, 11/17/94, SE/SE |
CH Revelia's Chat Noir, NFO n 09, 2/18/92, NO/SE |
GIC Ollendorff's Columbus, NFO d, 2/10/89, NO/NO |
|
EC Tigerstaden's Elisa, NFO f 09, 11/8/89, NO/NO |
||||||
|
PR IC Sassa, DM, NFO d 22, 4/28/93, SE/SE |
IC Ghost Cats Wild Cherokee, NFO e 09 22, 4/25/89, SE/SE |
|||||
|
Demoonas Jossefin, NFO f, 7/25/91, SE/SE |
||||||
|
Tigressan's Chantal, NFO n 23, 8/25/95, SE/SE |
EC Heaven Hills Big Bang, DM, NFO n 09 23, 10/10/93, SE/SE |
PR & IC Segerhuva's Gepetto, NFO a 09 23, 4/30/92, SE/SE |
||||
|
Heaven Hills Black Athena, NFO n 09, 12/24/91, SE/SE |
||||||
|
CH Gomorran's Jerica, DM, NFO n 09 23, 3/10/94, SE/SE |
GIC Tingskogen's Champagne, NFO n 22, 7/10/90, SE/SE |
|||||
|
CH Gomorran's Morgana, NFO n 09 23, 8/29/90, SE/- |
||||||
|
Tassajara's Hawarthi, NFO n 09 22, 1/4/98, SE/SE |
PR GIC Tassajara's Paladin, NFO n 23, 1/1/97, SE/SE |
EP EC Solslingans Don Juan, DM, NFO ns 09, 11/23/95, SE/SE |
EP & EC Frostnattens Ivanhoe, NFO ds 09 23, 10/24/91, SE/- |
|||
|
CH Skottspolen's Black Blitzie, NFO ns, 9/5/92, SE/SE |
||||||
|
EC Tassajara's Tigris, DM, NFO n 09 22, 5/17/93, SE/SE |
IP & GIC Wildwood's Imer, NFO at 24, 2/5/92, SE/SE |
|||||
|
IC Iris av Æsene, NFO n 09 23, 12/23/86, NO/SE |
||||||
|
GIC Tassajara's Sol, NFO a 09, 11/10/96, SE/SE |
EC Ambient Muscadet, NFO n 22, 7/29/92, SE/SE |
GIC Huldrekatten's Satyr, NFO d, 3/9/90, NO/SE |
||||
|
IC Ambient Araving Beauty, NFO n 22, 4/19/89, SE/SE |
||||||
|
GIC Tassajara's Ww Azariel, NFO a 09, 8/13/95, SE/SE |
EC Bondgården:s Täppas, NFO ns 22, 5/10/93, SE/SE |
|||||
|
GIC Frøy Sparetta av Æsene, DM, NFO a 09 23, 11/7/85, NO/SE |
||||||
|
GIC Kiss-Curl's Ylva, DM, NFO n 09 23, 5/8/06, SE/SE |
CH Runsvik's Jerry Garcia, NFO n 22, 9/4/04, SE/SE |
EC Mighty Claw's Garion, DM, DVM, NFO n 22, 6/27/03, SE/SE |
GIC Escamillo Felis Jubatus, NFO a 09, 11/12/01, DK/SE |
EC Flødekaramel Felis Jubatus, DM, NFO e 09 23, 1/2/98, DK/DK |
||
|
Greatest Hits Evelyn Hope, NFO a 09 23, 10/13/98, DK/DK |
||||||
|
IP CH MorrHoppans Ozca, DM, NFO f 09 22, 11/1/99, SE/SE |
PR EC Solkullas Frode, NFO d 22, 4/20/98, SE/SE |
|||||
|
GIC MorrHoppans Luna, NFO ns 09 22, 7/5/96, SE/SE |
||||||
|
IC Wildwood's Telia, NFO n 24, 11/19/00, SE/SE |
EP Ewkala's Carito, NFO n 09 22, 12/28/98, SE/SE |
GIC Solkullas Hemul, NFO n 24, 8/1/96, SE/SE |
||||
|
WW'04 SW'04 EP EC Tassajara's Christa, DM, DSM, NFO n 09 22, 1/1/97, SE/SE |
||||||
|
EC Wildwood's Razzia, NFO ns 24, 3/27/99, SE/SE |
EP & EC Svarte Petters Bernard, NFO n, 11/7/95, SE/SE |
|||||
|
IC Wildwood's Ori Olsson, NFO as 24, 6/10/96, SE/SE |
||||||
|
PR SC Restless Yawning Angel, NFO n 09 23, 10/3/02, SE/SE |
EC Killix Enigma, DM, NFO a 23, 8/26/00, DK/SE |
EC Europa's Danske Gorm, DM, NFO n 23, 7/12/98, DK/DK |
EP EC Gustav Vasa Felis Jubatus, DM, NFO a 09, 7/26/95, DK/DK |
|||
|
IC Europa's Juba Datter, NFO n 09 23, 12/8/96, DK/DK |
||||||
|
EC Europa's Nougat Nød, DM, NFO n, 9/7/96, DK/DK |
EC Silverwood's Big Brown Bastian, DM, NFO n 23, 5/20/95, DK/DK |
|||||
|
EC Europa's Hip Hurra, NFO n 23, 2/17/95, DK/DK |
||||||
|
CH Street Tigers Kiwawa, NFO f 09 23, 7/19/99, SE/SE |
Street Tigers Solero, NFO d 23, 5/26/98 |
EP EC Tauron's Fylke, NFO n 09 23, 7/29/95, SE/SE |
||||
|
Street Tigers Ysatis, NFO d |
||||||
|
CH Tauron's Tinúviel, NFO f 09 23, 5/26/92 |
EC Bondgården:s Emir, NFO ns 09 22, 2/9/91, SE/SE |
|||||
|
EC Havskattens Arja, NFO f 09, 1/27/88, SE/SE |
||||||
|
GIC Aristo Limaz Kaya Kumari, DM, NFO f 09 22, 5/3/06, SE/SE |
CH Jean J. Rousseau am Baerenbach, DM, NFO n 09, 4/12/01, CH/SE |
EC Prins Barfott av Fager, NFO n 09 22, 11/25/98, DE/CH |
WW'99 EC Remis Felis Jubatus, DM, NFO n, 9/20/97, DK/DK |
EP EC Gustav Vasa Felis Jubatus, DM, NFO a 09, 7/26/95, DK/DK |
EC Solhuset's Sylvester, NFO n 09 22, 5/14/89, SE/SE |
|
|
WW'94 EC Gwynne Vaughani Felis Jubatus, DM, NFO n 09, 7/13/92, DK/DK |
||||||
|
EC Bergansius Nehalennia, DM, NFO w 63, 6/24/94, NL/DK |
EC Gustav Wied Felis Jubatus, DM, NFO w 63, 9/13/86, DK/DK |
|||||
|
GIC Helga Den Fagre Felis Audax, DM, NFO n 23, 6/16/91, DK/NL |
||||||
|
EC Tora Vik Felis Jubatus, DM, NFO n 09 22, 5/14/92, DK/DE |
WW'91 EC Flatland's Bjørnstierne, DM, NFO n 22, 3/27/89, NO/DK |
GIP EC Pan's Polaris, DM, NFO n 09, 10/5/84, NO/NO |
||||
|
Libraaten's Avedine, DM, NFO n 23, 11/30/86, NO/NO |
||||||
|
EC Flatland's Clara, DM, NFO n 09 23, 4/1/90, NO/DK |
EP EC Truls av Bolke, DM, NFO n 09 23, 12/15/87, NO/NO |
|||||
|
Libraaten's Avedine, DM, NFO n 23, 11/30/86, NO/NO |
||||||
|
CH Four Roses am Baerenbach, NFO n 09, 5/7/98, CH/CH |
WW'96 EC Magnus av Fager, NFO n 09 23, 11/22/95, DE/FR |
EC Karl Johan Felis Jubatus, NFO a 22, 8/28/92, DK/- |
WW'91 EC Flatland's Bjørnstierne, DM, NFO n 22, 3/27/89, NO/DK |
|||
|
EC Flatland's Avedine, DM, NFO w 61, 8/17/85, NO/DK |
||||||
|
GIC Moa's Rh. Bouquet De Flore, NFO fs 09 23, 10/16/94, SE/DE |
PR & EC Fjällforsens Dirigent, NFO ds 09 23, 12/3/91, SE/- |
|||||
|
EC Mar'Michel's Mecatti Orchida, DM, NFO f 09 23, 10/21/93, SE/SE |
||||||
|
IC Dear Mouse am Baerenbach, NFO a, 10/8/96, CH/CH |
EC August Strindberg Felis Jubatus, DM, NFO n 23, 7/26/95, DK/DE |
EC Solhuset's Sylvester, NFO n 09 22, 5/14/89, SE/SE |
||||
|
WW'94 EC Gwynne Vaughani Felis Jubatus, DM, NFO n 09, 7/13/92, DK/DK |
||||||
|
CH Elline Gøye Felis Jubatus, NFO n, 3/29/94, DK/- |
WW'91 EC Flatland's Bjørnstierne, DM, NFO n 22, 3/27/89, NO/DK |
|||||
|
Alma Schindler Felis Audax, NFO n 09, 10/15/88, DK/DK |
||||||
|
IC Mighty Claw's Pocahontas, DM, NFO f 09 22, 3/1/01, SE/SE |
IP & EC Micehunter's Fantasio, DM, NFO e 22, 1/8/00, SE/SE |
IP EC Rockringen's Hoodoo Guru, DM, NFO n 09 22, 8/20/98, SE/SE |
IC Rockringen's Di Leva, NFO d 09 22, 3/14/97, SE/SE |
Målarkluddens Degas, NFO n 09 23, 3/20/94, SE/SE |
||
|
GIC Rockringen's Cajsa-Stina, DM, NFO d 09 22, 11/25/95, SE/SE |
||||||
|
GIC Pan's Torunn, NFO n 09 22, 3/10/95, NO/SE |
Faruk av Bjørnsletta, NFO n 09 22, 2/24/94, NO/NO |
|||||
|
EC Pan's Tone, NFO n 22, 7/2/87, NO/NO |
||||||
|
IC Cinderella, NFO e 09 23, 11/15/92, SE/SE |
Oakflowers Rhodney, NFO e 09 22, 12/26/88, SE/- |
IP MorrHoppans Dalton, NFO a 09 23, 8/26/87, SE/- |
||||
|
Oakflowers Cecilie, NFO f 09 22, 7/12/87, SE/- |
||||||
|
Kardborrens Hannah, NFO g 09 23, 2/18/91, SE/- |
EP Popsys King Lion, NFO d 09, 2/9/89, SE/SE |
|||||
|
Apollons Cybill, NFO a 23, 6/7/87, SE/- |
||||||
|
IP CH MorrHoppans Ozca, DM, NFO f 09 22, 11/1/99, SE/SE |
PR EC Solkullas Frode, NFO d 22, 4/20/98, SE/SE |
GIC Solkullas Hemul, NFO n 24, 8/1/96, SE/SE |
IC MorrHoppans Kreon, NFO n 09 23, 1/17/95, SE/SE |
|||
|
IC Ambient Stardust, NFO n 09, 8/10/93, SE/- |
||||||
|
CH Solkullas Lilla My, NFO f 22, 4/6/95, SE/SE |
IP & IC MorrHoppans Haijk, NFO ds 09 23, 2/25/92, SE/- |
|||||
|
IC Ambient Stardust, NFO n 09, 8/10/93, SE/- |
||||||
|
GIC MorrHoppans Luna, NFO ns 09 22, 7/5/96, SE/SE |
EC Tvärpilens Laotze, NFO a 09 23, 3/16/95, SE/SE |
Cappuccino, NFO e 09 23, 11/15/92, SE/SE |
||||
|
Tassemarkens Veronica, NFO n 09 22, 11/24/89, SE/- |
||||||
|
PR & EC MorrHoppans Gaia, NFO ns 09 22, 1/12/92, SE/- |
IP EC Pan's Silver Sky, DM, NFO ns 22, 2/8/90, NO/SE |
|||||
|
EC MorrHoppans Caissa, NFO f 09 22, 7/25/86, SE/- |
||||||
The correctness of this pedigree is not guaranteed.
